Suchergebnisse

Ci' is the Asmat word for dugout canoe. The ci is an integral part of the everyday life of the Asmat - an ethnic group residing in eastern Indonesia in Papua province (formerly Irian Jaya) - who live in the middle of a huge tidal swampy area. Owning a ci is part of the Asmat's habitus because ci is a guarantee for mobility, both individually and collectively. The ci is essential for the everyday lives of the Asmat. However, the existence of these dugout canoes is now critical as they tend to be replaced by machinery boats. This book uses a very simple piece of material culture, the ci, to introduce readers to the Asmat people and inform them how the Asmat people live. The ci becomes the focal point to understand gender power relations among the Asmat, particularly through social, economic, and spiritual dimensions. This volume is based on an anthropological fieldwork among the Asmat people for many years, and investigates the cultural significances of Asmat's ci by using 'symbolic and interpretive anthropology' as theoretical framework

This study, based on a lifelong involvement with New Guinea, compares the culture of the Kamoro (18,000 people) with that of their eastern neighbours, the Asmat (40,000), both living on the south coast of West Papua, Indonesia. The comparison, showing substantial differences as well as striking similarities, contributes to a deeper understanding of both cultures. Part I looks at Kamoro society and culture through the window of its ritual cycle, framed by gender. Part II widens the view, offering in a comparative fashion a more detailed analysis of the socio-political and cosmo-mythological setting of the Kamoro and the Asmat rituals. Next is a systematic comparison of the rituals. The comparison includes a cross-cultural, structural analysis of relevant myths.

This publication is of interest to scholars and students in Oceanic studies and those drawn to the comparative study of cultures.

Jan Pouwer (1924) started his career as a government anthropologist in West New Guinea in the 1950s and 1960s, with periods of intensive fieldwork, in particular among the Kamoro. A distinguished anthropologist, he held professorships at universities around the world.

Walter Edward Guinness (1880–1944), the first Lord Moyne, was an Anglo-Irish politician, businessman and explorer. Travelling across the globe in his private yacht in search for ethnographic material, Lord Moyne visited South Papua three times in 1929, 1935 and 1936. Unlike previous explorers of New Guinea, Lord Moyne and his group travelled along the rivers much further inland, and were able to make sustained contact with several groups of villages, engaging in performances and bartering for a range of objects that included shields and other carvings. Many of these objects were brought back to the British Museum as a means to address the severe lack of representation of South Papuan art and handicraft in the collection for which the area is renowned. Using the most advanced equipment to hand, Lord Moyne's party took some of the first photographs of the Asmat people. The wide-ranging series of photographs taken by his companion Lady Vera Broughton now forms the Broughton Collection at the British Museum, a unique account of Asmat life and culture at the time immediately prior to colonisation.

This study, based on a lifelong involvement with New Guinea, compares the culture of the Kamoro (18,000 people) with that of their eastern neighbours, the Asmat (40,000), both living on the south coast of West Papua, Indonesia. The comparison, showing substantial differences as well as striking similarities, contributes to a deeper understanding of both cultures. Part I looks at Kamoro society and culture through the window of its ritual cycle, framed by gender. Part II widens the view, offering in a comparative fashion a more detailed analysis of the socio-political and cosmo-mythological setting of the Kamoro and the Asmat rituals. Next is a systematic comparison of the rituals. The comparison includes a cross-cultural, structural analysis of relevant myths. This publication is of interest to scholars and students in Oceanic studies and those drawn to the comparative study of cultures. The author (1924) started his career as a government anthropologist in West New Guinea in the 1950s and 1960s, with periods of intensive fieldwork, in particular among the Kamoro. A distinguished anthropologist, he held professorships at universities around the world.

This study, based on a lifelong involvement with New Guinea, compares the culture of the Kamoro (18,000 people) with that of their eastern neighbours, the Asmat (40,000), both living on the south coast of West Papua, Indonesia. The comparison, showing substantial differences as well as striking similarities, contributes to a deeper understanding of both cultures. Part I looks at Kamoro society and culture through the window of its ritual cycle, framed by gender. Part II widens the view, offering in a comparative fashion a more detailed analysis of the socio-political and cosmo-mythological setting of the Kamoro and the Asmat rituals. Next is a systematic comparison of the rituals. The comparison includes a cross-cultural, structural analysis of relevant myths. This publication is of interest to scholars and students in Oceanic studies and those drawn to the comparative study of cultures. Jan Pouwer (1924) started his career as a government anthropologist in West New Guinea in the 1950s and 1960s, with periods of intensive fieldwork, in particular among the Kamoro. A distinguished anthropologist, he held professorships at universities around the world.

The ethnicity and other socio-cultural, linguistic problems are sensitive issues, which existing in the society. These elements are a danger for the national integrity and solidarity. In the present research is highlighting the elements of ethnic, national movements based on self cultural, linguistic, regional and geographical identity, directly influence the federal institutions and solidarity of the state of Pakistan. The ethno-national movements in all the provinces of Pakistan have created by different interest groups for their individual interests. The objective of the research is to widen the importance of integrity among the people and also emphasize on the inter-communal disputes and problems in Pakistan. It realized that the communal, ethnic and regional riots of the people are a hazard for the security, stability and existence of Pakistan. To cope with different ethno-national groups, who is creating the issues for the social, political and economic solidarity of the state and confronting with the authority of a federation and the political institutions is required proper system and state policies.

This social mapping aims to collect data and information about clean and healthy life behavior (PHBS) of Remote Indigenous Communities (KAT) in Ulakin Village, Kolf Brasa District, Asmat Regency, Papua Province. The method of data collection in this study is survey method. Data collection techniques used; 1) observation, 2) interviews with leaders and community members, and 3) focus group discussions. The results of the study show that; 1) childbirth assistance has not been carried out by health workers, 2) babies have been breastfed, 3) the community does not have health insurance, 4) the community still utilizes the availability of rainwater and rivers, 5) some houses have used healthy toilets as facilities from the local government, but not yet utilized as appropriate, 6) the average floor area of a house is 36 m2 with an average occupant of 3-5 people, 7) the floor of the house is made of wooden boards which are assistance from the government, 8) the community still smokes in any place, including inside the house, 9) the community always engages in physical activities in the context of hunting and gathering activities, 10) the community eats fruit and vegetables irregularly, adapted to natural resources and the environment. Suggestions for this research; 1) the parties involved have to carry out a more comprehensive follow-up study, and 2) the community as beneficiaries should receive information, services, guidance and social assistance in a participatory, measurable and sustainable manner.

Water quality is a requirement of global markets, went to a trade pattern required by the development of quality criteria that value the man as a consumer par excellence, is one of the most sensitive issues in the provision of services sanitation. Poor water quality can have devastating effects on the population, which is why it is necessary to offer quality drinking water service to prevent any problems. Similarly, the professionals responsible for this task should be aware of existing legislation on water quality and its implementation, as well as techniques and procedures of treatment and control of water quality is subject to continuous improvement, which should be properly disseminated among the professionals responsible for this task. The commitment to improve the knowledge base on all aspects involving maintaining adequate levels of coverage and quality of drinking water service provided by the company EMAPA SAN MARTIN SA For that reason, the object of our research is aimed at studying "INFLUENCE OF THE COVERAGE AND QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER SERVICE COMPANY THAT OFFERS EMAPA SAN MARTIN SA The Company Municipal Potable Water Supply and Sewerage of San Martín, is a private law firm, subject to the laws of public internal control. Its administrative, technical and economic is subject to public control laws and the rules of sanitation. His goal is to provide water service to optimal levels of efficiency and safety to each and every one of the residents who live in their jurisdiction. This framed by the law of state enterprises, its regulations approved by DS N ° 23 853 Organic Law of Municipalities, General Corporation Law, Act No. 26 338 Sanitation Act and the regulations adopted to by DS No. 09-95-PRE, by the provisions of the Statute of the Company, as amended on December 28, 1999. EMAPA SAN MARTIN SA has a coverage of potable water household connections active to December 2009, according to the document management indicators 31.304 house connections and sewerage coverage of 26 531 for an estimated urban population of 169.339 inhabitants. Potable water production to that date was 1,091,388.00 m3 and Continuity of service 11.31 hours / day. There are several principles to be followed to carry out customer service, they can provide the vision that has about the most important aspect of the service, the customer. Make quality a habit and a framework, set specifications for the products and services in agreement with all staff and with customers and suppliers, anticipate and consistently meet customer needs, give freedom of action at all employees who have dealings with customers, ie authority to address their complaints, customers always expect the fulfillment of his word. Promise less, do more, to show respect for people and be attentive to them, explicitly acknowledge any effort of implementing a quality culture. Paying your employees as if they were his partners (incentives). Do as the Japanese. In other words, investigate who are the best and how they do things, to usurp their systems, then improve them. Quality service must meet the following characteristics: fulfill your goals. Serve for what it was designed, addressing the needs, provide results. The objective is to determine the level of influence of the coverage and quality of drinking water service provided by the company EMAPA SAN MARTIN SA to: • Know the procedure that follows the company for potable water coverage provided EMAPA SAN MARTIN SA • Develop strategies to quality and service coverage of drinking water provided by the company EMAPA SAN MARTIN SA to meet user requirements. • Suggest measures to reduce water loss in EMAPA SAN MARTIN SA It will use the following research methods: • Inductive Method. - This is the method of obtaining knowledge that leads from the particular to the general, the facts on the causes and the discovery of the laws. Such a method may be able to establish general laws from empirical facts. • Deductive Method. - Acquiring expertise of the company EMAPA through nationwide general situations. According to their application Application . It is concerned with collecting information from reality to enrich the scientific theoretical knowledge. We will obtain new knowledge about the quality of coverage and water service. According to the level of depth: Descriptive Research. As its name suggests describes situations and facts of how certain phenomena are manifested. It specifies the main characteristics of individuals or groups, phenomena that are tested. In this type of research is measured precisely as possible. It requires knowledge of the study area. Includes the account of the reality in terms of coverage of drinking water Company in the region of San Martín. The universe of the population is 34,000 users of the Municipal Water and Sewer and the sample was obtained according to the application of the formula of the cluster with the following results will be implemented structured survey to Tarapoto 200 120 Bellavista Lamas 20 Saposoa 20 and San José de Sisa 20 respectively. ; La calidad del agua es una exigencia de los mercados globales, pasó hacer una pauta comercial obligada junto a la evolución de los criterios de calidad que valorizan al hombre como consumidor por excelencia; es uno de los aspectos más sensibles en la prestación de los servicios de saneamiento. Una mala calidad del agua puede tener efectos devastadores sobre la población, razón por la cual es necesario ofertar con calidad el servicio de agua potable a fin de prevenir cualquier problema. Del mismo modo, los profesionales responsables de esta tarea deben conocer la normativa vigente sobre la calidad del agua y su aplicación, además los procedimientos y técnicas del tratamiento y control de la calidad de agua, esta sujeto a constantes mejoras, las cuales deben ser adecuadamente difundidas entre los profesionales responsables de esta tarea. Por esa razón, el objeto de nuestra investigación se orienta a estudiar "INFLUENCIA DE LA CALIDAD EN LA COBERTURA Y EL SERVICIO DE AGUA POTABLE QUE BRINDA LA EMPRESA EMAPA SAN MARTÍN S.A." La Empresa Municipal del Servicio de Agua Potable y alcantarillado de San Martín, es una empresa de derecho privado, sujeta a las leyes de control público interno. Su autonomía administrativa, técnica y económica esta sujeta a las leyes de control público y a las normas de saneamiento. Su objetivo es brindar un servicio de agua potable en niveles óptimos de eficiencia y salubridad a todos y cada uno de los pobladores que habitan en su jurisdicción. Esta enmarcada en la ley de la actividad empresarial del Estado, su reglamento aprobado por D.S. N° 23853 Ley Orgánica de Municipalidades, Ley general de Sociedades, Ley N° 26338 Ley General de Saneamiento y su reglamento aprobada a por D.S. N° 09-95-PRE, por las disposiciones del Estatuto de la Empresa, modificado el 28 de diciembre de 1999. EMAPA SAN MARTÍN S.A. tiene una cobertura de conexiones domiciliarias de agua potable activas a Diciembre del 2009, según el documento de indicadores de gestión de 31,304 conexiones domiciliarias y una cobertura de alcantarillado del 26.531 para una población urbana estimada de 169,339 habitantes. La producción de agua potable a esa fecha fue de 1.091.388,00 m3 y La continuidad de servicio de 11.31 hora/día. Existen diversos principios que se deben seguir para llevar a cabo el servicio al cliente, estos pueden facilitar la visión que se tiene acerca del aspecto más importante del servicio, el cliente. Hacer de la calidad un hábito y un marco de referencia, establecer las especificaciones de los productos y servicios de común acuerdo con todo el personal y con los clientes y proveedores, anticipar y satisfacer consistentemente las necesidades de los clientes, dar libertad de acción a todos los empleados que tengan trato con los clientes, es decir autoridad para atender sus quejas, Los clientes siempre esperan el cumplimiento de su palabra. Prometer menos, dar más, mostrar respeto por las personas y ser atentos con ellas, reconocer en forma explícita todo esfuerzo de implantación de una cultura de calidad. Remunerar a sus empleados como si fueran sus socios (incentivos). Hacer como los japoneses. Es decir, investigar quiénes son los mejores y cómo hacen las cosas, para apropiarse de sus sistemas, para después mejorarlos. Un servicio de calidad debe cumplir con las siguientes características: cumplir los objetivos. Servir para lo que se diseñó, solucionar las necesidades, proporcionar resultados. El objetivo es, determinar el nivel de influencia de la calidad en la cobertura y el servicio del agua potable que brinda la empresa EMAPA SAN MARTÍN S.A. para: •Conocer el procedimiento que sigue la empresa para la Cobertura de agua potable que brinda EMAPA SAN MARTÍN S.A. •Diseñar estrategias de calidad en la cobertura y el servicio del agua potable que brinda la empresa EMAPA SAN MARTÍN S.A para satisfacer exigencias de los usuarios. •Sugerir medidas para la reducción de perdida de agua potable en EMAPA SAN MARTÍN S.A. Se utilizará los siguientes métodos de investigación: •Método Inductivo.- Es el método de obtención de conocimientos que conduce de lo particular a lo general, de los hechos a las causas y al descubrimiento de las leyes. Este tipo de método puede llegar a establecer leyes generales a partir de hechos empíricos. •Método Deductivo.- Adquirir conocimientos particulares de la Empresa de EMAPA a través de situaciones generales a nivel nacional. De acuerdo a su aplicación Investigación Aplicada. Se preocupa de recoger información de la realidad Obtendremos conocimientos nuevos sobre la calidad en la cobertura y servicio de agua potable. De acuerdo al nivel de profundidad: Investigación Descriptiva. Como su nombre lo indica se describe situaciones y hechos de cómo se manifiestan determinados fenómenos. Se especifica las características más importantes de personas o grupos, fenómenos que sean sometidos a análisis. En este tipo de investigación se mide con mayor precisión posible. Requiere conocimientos del área de estudio. Comprende la narración de la realidad en cuanto a la cobertura de la empresa de agua potable de la Región de San Martín. El universo de la población es de 34.000 usuarios de la Empresa Municipal de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado y la muestra se obtuvo de acuerdo a la aplicación de la fórmula del conglomerado obteniendo los siguientes resultados que se aplicará la encuesta estructurada, para Tarapoto 200 Lamas 120 Bellavista 20, Saposoa 20 y San José de Sisa 20 respectivamente. ; Tesis

COVID-19 outbreak was first time experienced in the Wuhan City of China at the end of December 2019. Which spread rapidly in China and then worldwide in 209 countries of America, Europe, Australia and Asia including Pakistan. There are more than fifty thousand mortalities and one million plus people have been affected worldwide, while figure increases rapidly. Different steps have been taken worldwide for the control of COVID-19. Even with less resources Pakistan also taken rigorous measures like designed special hospitals, Laboratories for testing, quarantine facilities, awareness campaign and lock down to control the spread of virus. We highlighted the efforts of government to combat this deadly pneumonia.

The Nigerian Fourth Republic ushered in a demo-cratically elected government in 1999 that paved way for the civilians to take over government after a long period of military rule in Nigeria. This made the political parties to project their candidates for contest in occupying the political positions at the federal, states and local government levels. Thus, such projection through the ruling political party that won the election in 1999 known as the People's Democratic Party (PDP), went into zoning arrange-ment that could give the country's six geopolitical zones a place for participation in the administration of the country. This arrangement coordinated the highest positions such as the President, Vice-Presi-dent, President of the Senate, Speaker of the House of Representatives, Secretary to the Government of the Federation, and Chairman of the ruling party. However, such arrangements were only practiced from 1999 to 2011. The zoning arrangements were trun-cated in 2011, which led to conflict in the Northern part of the country. The objective of the study there-fore, is to examine the consequences of the trun-cated zoning arrangement and lessons from the Buhari Political tsunami in 2015 general elections in Nigeria, with interest on how to resolve such con-flicts that emanated. The study made use of qualita-tive research and the review of previous literature as sources of data collection. The findings revealed that, many people were killed during the years 2011-2015 under study; both private and public properties were also destroyed. This study recom-mends constitutional approach regarding the zoning formula to accom-modate all the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria in order to resolve the conflicts therein.

Having influenced by the British linguistic superiority, English bequeathed to people of India. Consequently, it got into some of the elite class. Due to the frequent use of English in science and technology and military elites it ran into higher education first then it was considered as medium of instruction at school level too. The current study investigated into the perceptions of the primary school teachers about induction, fortification and primacy of the English language as a medium of instruction in Vehari district. The population of the study were all the primary school teachers of Vehari region while sample of the study selected from all the city schools as well as from surrounding villages. Now a days, English is one of the main and compulsory subjects in Pakistan and was declared as a medium of instruction at school level officially in 2009 and college levels. But teachers at most of the schools practice code-switching while teaching English in the classrooms. For the last five years, English medium of instruction is now in practice, so keeping all the reviewed in the literature ahead, the current study attempted to examine the teachers' reflections about effects of English language as a medium of instruction at elementary level by surveying about the use of English language as medium of instruction at primary level. The earlier studies reviewed mostly about the implementation of English as a medium of instruction particularly regarding the hurdles and obstacles. As linguists working in language teaching in the classroom setting have meaningfully extended the scope of their research to redress the fundamental areas of classroom practices connected with teaching/learning of English as a medium of instruction. Moreover, the current study has significant suggestions for educational research for pointing out the loopholes and drawbacks in terms of English language implementation as instructional goal. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 21. The study concluded with some suggestions and pedagogical implication to the Policy makers, higher authorities and National accreditation for teacher education in Vehari and Pakistan.

Introduction / Pamela T. Amoss and Stevan Harrell -- Evolutionary perspectives on human aging / Kenneth M. Weiss -- "Nepotists" and "altruists" / Sarah Blaffer Hrdy -- "The old people give you life" / Megan Biesele and Nancy Howell -- Old age among the Chipewyan / Henry S. Sharp -- The elderly Asmat of New Guinea / Peter W. Van Arsdale -- Old age in Gwembe District, Zambia / Elizabeth Colson and Thayer Scudder -- Respected elder or old person / James D. Nason -- Growing in respect / N. Nazif Shahrani -- Growing old in rural Taiwan / Stevan Harrell -- Old age in a south Indian village / Paul G. Hiebert -- Coast Salish elders / Pamela T. Amoss

Having influenced by the British linguistic superiority, English bequeathed to people of India. Consequently, it got into some of the elite class. Due to the frequent use of English in science and technology and military elites it ran into higher education first then it was considered as medium of instruction at school level too. The current study investigated into the perceptions of the primary school teachers about induction, fortification and primacy of the English language as a medium of instruction in Vehari district. The population of the study were all the primary school teachers of Vehari region while sample of the study selected from all the city schools as well as from surrounding villages. Now a days, English is one of the main and compulsory subjects in Pakistan and was declared as a medium of instruction at school level officially in 2009 and college levels. But teachers at most of the schools practice code-switching while teaching English in the classrooms. For the last five years, English medium of instruction is now in practice, so keeping all the reviewed in the literature ahead, the current study attempted to examine the teachers' reflections about effects of English language as a medium of instruction at elementary level by surveying about the use of English language as medium of instruction at primary level. The earlier studies reviewed mostly about the implementation of English as a medium of instruction particularly regarding the hurdles and obstacles. As linguists working inlanguage teaching in the classroom setting have meaningfully extended the scope of their research to redress the fundamental areas of classroom practices connected with teaching/learning of English as a medium of instruction. Moreover, the current study has significant suggestions for educational research for pointing out the loopholes and drawbacks in terms of English language implementation as instructional goal. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 21. The study concluded with some suggestions and pedagogical implication to the Policy makers, higher authorities and National accreditation for teacher education in Vehari and Pakistan. ; Habiendo influido por la superioridad lingüística británica, el inglés legó a la gente de la India. En consecuencia, entró en parte de la clase de élite. Debido al uso frecuente del inglés en la ciencia y la tecnología y en las élites militares, primero se introdujo en la educación superior y luego se consideró también como medio de instrucción en el nivel escolar. El estudio actual investigó las percepciones de los maestros de escuelas primarias sobre la inducción, el enriquecimiento y la primacía del idioma inglés como medio de instrucción en el distrito de Vehari. La población del estudio fueron todos los maestros de escuela primaria de la región de Vehari, mientras que la muestra del estudio se seleccionó de todas las escuelas de la ciudad, así como de las aldeas vecinas. Hoy en día, el inglés es una de las materias principales y obligatorias en Pakistán y se declaró oficialmente como un medio de instrucción en el nivel escolar en 2009 y en el nivel universitario. Pero los maestros en la mayoría de las escuelas practican el cambio de código mientras enseñan inglés en las aulas. Durante los últimos cinco años, el medio de instrucción en inglés está ahora en práctica, por lo que manteniendo todo lo revisado en la literatura a continuación, el estudio actual intentó examinar las reflexiones de los maestros sobre los efectos del idioma inglés como medio de instrucción a nivel elemental mediante una encuesta sobre el uso del idioma inglés como medio de instrucción en el nivel primario. Losestudios anteriores revisaron principalmente sobre la implementación del inglés como medio de instrucción, particularmente en relación con los obstáculos y obstáculos. A medida que los lingüistas que trabajan en la enseñanza de idiomas en el aula, han ampliado significativamente el alcance de su investigación para corregir las áreas fundamentales de las prácticas en el aula relacionadas con la enseñanza / aprendizaje del inglés como medio de instrucción. Además, el estudio actual tiene sugerencias importantes para la investigación educativa para señalar las lagunas e inconvenientes en términos de la implementación del idioma inglés como objetivo educativo. Los datos se analizaron utilizando la versión 21 de SPSS. El estudio concluyó con algunas sugerencias e implicaciones pedagógicas para los responsables de las políticas, las autoridades superiores y la acreditación nacional para la formación docente en Vehari y Pakistán. ; Tendo influenciado pela superioridade lingüística britânica, o inglês legou a pessoas da Índia. Consequentemente, entrou em algumas das classes de elite. Devido ao uso frequente de inglês em ciência e tecnologia e elites militares, o ensino superior foi o primeiro a ser considerado como meio de instrução também na escola. O presente estudo investigou as percepções dos professores do ensino fundamental sobre indução, fortalecimento e primazia do idioma inglês como meio de instrução no distrito de Vehari. A população do estudo foram todos os professores primários da região de Vehari, enquanto a amostra do estudo foi selecionada de todas as escolas da cidade, bem como das aldeias vizinhas. Hoje em dia, o inglês é um dos assuntos principais e obrigatórios no Paquistão e foi declarado oficialmente como meio de instrução a nível escolar em 2009 e nos níveis universitários. Mas os professores na maioria das escolas praticam a troca de código enquanto ensinam inglês nas salas de aula. Nos últimos cinco anos, o meio inglês de instrução está agora em prática, então mantendo todos os revisados na literatura, o presente estudo tentou examinar as reflexões dos professores sobre os efeitos da língua inglesa como um meio de instrução em nível elementar sobre o uso da língua inglesa como meio de instrução no nível primário. Os estudos anteriores revisaram principalmente sobre a implementação do inglês como meio de instrução, particularmente em relação aos obstáculos e obstáculos. Como linguistas que trabalham no ensino de línguas em sala de aula, ampliaram significativamente o escopo de suas pesquisas para corrigir as áreas fundamentais das práticas de sala de aula ligadas ao ensino / aprendizagem do inglês como meio de instrução. Além disso, o presente estudo tem sugestões significativas para a pesquisa educacional para apontar as lacunas e desvantagens em termos de implementação da língua inglesa como meta instrucional. Os dados foram analisados usando SPSS versão 21. O estudo concluiu com algumas sugestões e implicações pedagógicas para os decisores políticos, autoridades superiores e acreditação nacional para a formação de professores em Vehari e no Paquistão.